صنعت داروسازی در چین از زمان ورود کشور به سازمان تجارت جهانی پیشرفت سریعی را تجربه کرده است. رشد سریع صنعت بهداشت و درمان چین باعث شده است که این کشور کمکم از پایگاهی صرف برای تولید داروها به یک قطب استراتژیک تحقیق و توسعه تبدیل شود.
در نتیجه چین جایگاه خود را به عنوان یک بازیگر استراتژیک در بازار جهانی دارو، هم به عنوان یک کشور مصرف کننده و هم به عنوان بستری برای تحقیق و توسعه، تثبیت کرده است. صنعت داروسازی چین با مشوقهای دولتی و بیمه همگانی در مسیر رشد و پیشرفت قرار داده شده، ولی با سدی به نام قوانین مالکیت فکری و مقررات دستوپاگیر و خستهکننده هم مواجه است.
با این حال، چین هماکنون فقط 11 درصد از بازار جهانی دارو را در اختیار دارد. آمریكا كه رتبه اول را به خود اختصاص داده، در سال 2018 بزرگترین بازار دارویی دنیا بود و 40.4 درصد از كل درآمدها را در سراسر جهان از آن خود کرد. پس میتوان نتیجه گرفت که بازار داروسازی چین هنوز نیاز به تقویت دارد. در نتیجه، در آینده راه برای بسیاری از شرکتها و کسب و کارها که به دنبال فرصتهای بازار و بازارهای تخصصی مناسب در امتداد زنجیره ارزش صنایع دارویی چین هستند، باز خواهد شد.
صنعت داروسازی چین
صنعت داروسازی چین زمانی توسعه یافت که این کشور نسبتا از تجارت بینالمللی جدا و منزوی بود؛ و هماکنون داروها و مواد شیمیایی دارویی را در اشکال مختلف از جمله آمپول، قرص، کپسول، ویال، پماد، پودر، محلول، سوسپانسیون، و داروهای رادیواکتیو تولید میکند. این محصولات در داروخانهها به فروش میرسند و یا در بیمارستانها مورد استفاده قرار میگیرند. صنعت داروسازی چین که نیازهای مردم این کشور را تامین میکرد، با تبدیل نظام اقتصادی از یک اقتصاد تحت هدایت دولت به اقتصاد مبتنی بر بازار، رشد سریعی را تجربه نمود. پس روشن است که داروسازی بخش مهمی از اقتصاد ملی این کشور را تشکیل میدهد.
داروسازان چینی عمدتا بر تولید مواد شیمیایی پایه، واسطهها، و مواد موثره دارویی (APIها) متمرکز بودهاند. این کشور در یک بازه زمانی نسبتا کوتاه، به بزرگترین تامین کننده APIها در جهان (از نظر حجمی) تبدیل گردید؛ اما در سالهای اخیر تولید کنندگان چینی بر طراحی و توسعه و تولید محصولات نهایی دارویی (FPPها) متمرکز شدهاند. هدف آنها در درجه اول تامین نیاز داخلی بوده، ولی با گذشت زمان توجهشان به بازارهای صادراتی هم بیشتر میشود.
نمودار زیر جزئیات درآمد پایه عملیاتی صنعت داروسازی چین در سال 2018 را به تفکیک برای بخشهای مختلف نشان میدهد. در سال 2018 مجموع درآمد صنعت داروسازی چین به 6/2 تریلیون یوان رسید.
وضعیت فعلی بازار دارویی چین
شرکتهای دارویی چین بیشتر در زمینه تولید داروهای ژنریک، داروهای درمانی، ترکیبات فعال دارویی و داروهای سنتی چینی فعالیت دارند. بیش از 90 درصد داروهای ثبت شده در چین ژنریک هستند.
بازار دارویی چین بسیار غیر متمرکز هم بوده و از حدود 5 هزار تولید کننده تشکیل شده است که بخش عمدهای از آنها شرکتهای کوچک و متوسط میباشند. این عدم تمرکز موجب شده تا هزینههای تحقیق و توسعه شرکتها بهطور متوسط بیش از 5 درصد فروش آنها نباشد.
شرکتهای بینالمللی تولید کننده داروها و زیستداروها مانند نوارتیس، نوو نوردیسک و آسترازنکا هم با وجود نامتمرکز بودن، جایگاه مستحکمی داشته و حداقل 8 تا 10 درصد از بازار را در اختیار گرفتهاند. این بازار وابسته به شبکههای توزیع است، و داروسازان بزرگ مانند ساینوفارم و شانگهای فارماسوتیکالز تا حد قابلتوجهی این شبکهها را تحت کنترل خود دارند.
با توجه به عدم تمرکز صنعت داروسازی، دولت به دنبال یکپارچهسازی این بخش و افزایش میانگین اندازه بنگاهها است تا امکان بازرسی و ارتقای کیفیت فراهم شود. در جدیدترین توصیه ملی برای برنامه پنج ساله سیزدهم، بهطور ویژه تاکید شده است که تا سال ۲۰۲۰ کلیه اقلام موجود در “فهرست ملی داروهای ضروری”، آزمون همارزی زیستی را پشت سر بگذارند.
بازیگران کلیدی بازار دارویی چین
اندازه بازار
بازار دارویی چین طی سالهای اخیر دائما در حال رشد بوده است و پیشبینی میشود تا سال 2023 به 8/161 میلیارد دلار رسیده و سهم 30 درصدی از بازار جهانی را بهدست آورد. در سال 2018 ارزش بازار دارویی این کشور 6/134 میلیارد دلار برآورد شد، و داروهای نسخهای 4/86 درصد از کل هزینههای دارویی را تشکیل میداد. بخشهای مختلف این بازار عبارتند از داروهای ژنریک، داروهای بدون نسخه، و داروهای دارای حق انحصاری.
داروهای ژنریک (3/85 میلیارد دلار) به دلیل قدرت خرید پایین و تولید بومی مناسب و قدرتمند، بخش بزرگی از کل بازار دارویی چین (9/219 میلیارد دلار) را به خود اختصاص دادهاند. رواج فرهنگ خود درمانی و وجود کانالهای فروش نسبتا آزاد، به فروش داروهای OTC یا بدون نسخه (4/18 میلیارد دلار) کمک میکند. این داروها 6/13 درصد بازار را تشکیل میدهند. داروهای دارای حق انحصاری (30 میلیارد دلار)، که عمدتا توسط طبقه مرفه کشور مصرف میشوند، سهم کوچکی (9/22 درصد) در این بازار دارند.
اگرچه چین به دومین بازار دارویی بزرگ جهان تبدیل شده، رشد آن از 19 درصد نرخ رشد مرکب سالانه (CAGR) در سالهای 2008 تا 2013 به 8 درصد CAGR در بازه 2013 تا 2018 کاهش یافته است و بعلاوه انتظار میرود تا سال 2023 با ادامه روند کاهشی، به 3 تا 6 درصد برسد. بخش عمده رشد چین طی ده سال گذشته ناشی از اصلاحات دولت مرکزی در راستای گسترش پوشش بیمهای هم برای ساکنان مناطق روستایی و و هم برای شهرنشینان، توسعه و نوسازی سیستم بیمارستانی، و یکپارچهسازی بهتر خدمات مراقبتهای اولیه بهداشتی بوده است. تداوم رشد این بخش منوط به ارتقای مفاهیم درمانی، بهینهسازی مداخلات پزشکی، تسریع دسترسی به داروهای جدید، بهبود کیفیت خدمات پزشکی و اصلاح پویا و مستمر پوشش بیمه درمانی خواهد بود.
محصولات کلیدی صنعت داروسازی چین
1- داروهای ژنریک (60 درصد از درآمد صنایع دارویی)
داروهای ژنریک عبارتند از: داروهای ضد عوامل عفونی (بزرگترین گروه داروهای ژنریک)، داروهای سیستم قلبی عروقی (دومین بازار بزرگ با بیشترین بازگشت سرمایه)، داروهای ضد تومور و ضد سرطان، و داروهای دستگاه گوارش.
داروهای ژنریک ستون اصلی صنعت داروسازی چین را تشکیل میدهند. با توجه به تقاضای زیاد بازار، انتظار میرود درآمد این بخش در سالهای آینده بهشدت افزایش یابد. علت آن است که چین احتمالا برای به حداقل رساندن هزینههای خدمات درمانی، در برنامه بیمه همگانی خود همچنان به تجویز گسترده داروهای ژنریک تکیه خواهد کرد.
تجویز فزاینده داروهای ژنریک بهعنوان ابزاری برای کاهش هزینههای دارویی، اهمیت این داروها را در فروش کل اقلام دارویی افزایش خواهد داد و باعث رشد بازار خواهد گردید. چین شاهد سرمایهگذاری قابلتوجه شرکتهای داروساز خارجی در بخش داروهای ژنریک این کشور بوده است و داروسازان خارجی از طریق مشارکت با شرکتهای بومی به بازار هجوم آوردهاند. بهعنوان مثال در سال 2017 تیوا اقدام به سرمایهگذاری مشترک با گوانگژو فارما برای فروش داروهای ژنریک در کشور نمود. فایزر و چجیانگ هیسون فارماسوتیکالز (از بزرگترین شرکتهای داروسازی چین) هم از سرمایهگذاری مشترک خود تحت عنوان هیسون فایزر فارماسوتیکالز با هدف توسعه، تولید و تجاریسازی محصولات دارویی که دوره حق انحصار آنها به اتمام رسیده است در چین و نیز در بازارهای جهانی خبر دادهاند.
2- داروهای دارای حق انحصاری (3/25 درصد از درآمد صنایع دارویی)
این داروها دومین گروه بزرگ محصولات را تشکیل میدهند و معمولا سطح فناوری و سوددهی بالایی دارند؛ اما هزینه تحقیق و توسعه آنها نیز بسیار زیاد و مدت زمان تحقیق و توسعه و دوره بازگشت سرمایهشان بسیار طولانی است. اصلاح و ارتقای مقررات حاکم بر داروهای دارای حق انحصاری، بار دیگر بر ارتقا و بهبود چشمانداز بازار متمرکز شده است. اصلاحات نظام بهداشت و درمان با افزایش دسترسی به این داروها، در بلندمدت موجب رشد بازار آنها خواهد شد. با این حال، ماهیت پرهزینه داروهای نوآورانه کماکان مصرف آنها در طبقات با درآمد پایین تا متوسط را محدود خواهد کرد.
شرکتهای خارجی مهمترین بازیگران این بازار تخصصی هستند، که انتظار میرود در سالهای آتی نرخ رشد سالیانه تا 0/10 درصد داشته باشد. در نتیجه در این بخش هم بازاری تخصصی برای شرکتهای چینی و شرکتهای چند ملیتی وجود دارد که میتوانند در آن به فعالیت بپردازند.
3- داروهای بدون نسخه (2/14 درصد از درآمد صنایع دارویی)
بازار داروهای بدون نسخه چین سهم قابلتوجهی در منطقه آسیا اقیانوسیه دارد و کماکان یکی از جذابترین بخشها به شمار میرود. با این حال، تمرکز دولت بر تسهیل دسترسی به داروهای نسخهای، تقاضا برای داروهای بدون نسخه را کاهش خواهد داد و در بلندمدت منجر به افت سهم بازار آنها خواهد شد. اما به دلیل اینکه در کشورهای توسعه یافته این بخش 30 تا 40 درصد از کل درآمد صنایع دارویی را تشکیل میدهد، ممکن است داروهای بدون نسخه بتوانند در چین احیا شوند. بسیاری از شرکتهای خارجی به دنبال توسعه این بخش هستند و انتظار میرود که این داروها در سالهای آتی فرصتهای بزرگی فراهم سازند.
محصولات صنعت دارویی چین؛ نسبت درآمد به کل صنعت
بازارهای عمده دارو در چین
1- اولین بازار بزرگ محصولات دارویی در چین بیمارستانهای شهری و روستایی است.
افزایش مهاجرت مردم از روستاها به شهرها منجر به افزایش تقاضا و عرضه داروها خواهد شد. بعلاوه از آنجا که تامین کنندگان و عمده فروشان در پی نفوذ به بازار هستند و همزمان تعداد بیشتری از مردم تحت پوشش بیمه درمانی قرار میگیرند، پرداخت هزینه برای خدمات درمانی افزایش مییابد و باعث رشد و تقویت بازار دارویی میشود. شرکتهای داروسازی در چین محصولات خود را به عمده فروشان میدهند و 80 درصد از فروش نهایی عمده فروشان هم به بیمارستانها است.
2- داروخانهها دومین بازار بزرگ را شکل میدهند.
از آنجا که داروخانهها و خردهفروشان دومین کانال بزرگ فروش بوده و در حال توسعه حوزه تحت پوشش خود هستند، گسترش داروخانههای منطقهای در کنار افزایش ارائه داروهای بدون نسخه و داروهای نسخهای، سبب رشد این بخش خواهد شد.
3- سومین بازار بزرگ، فروش آنلاین است.
به طور کلی خرید آنلاین در چین محبوبیت زیادی دارد و فروش آنلاین نیز بهعنوان یکی از کانالهای بازار دارو اهمیت فرایندهای خواهد داشت. این کانال باعث ارتقای سیستمهای لجستیک دارویی و کاهش هزینهها میشود.
4- رتبه آخر برای صادرات …
طی چند سال آینده با بلوغ صنعت داروسازی چین و تلاش آن برای تامین تقاضای داخلی و گسترش در خارج از کشور، صادرات ثابت خواهد ماند.
چین محصولات دارویی خود را به بیش از 160 کشور و منطقه صادر میکند. به دلیل تقاضای زیاد برای داروهای ژنریک، صادرات این کشور رشد مداوم و قابلتوجهی دارد. بعلاوه رشد صادرات تحت تاثیر شرکتهای چند ملیتی که وارد بازار چین میشوند، شرکتهای داخلی که فعالیت خود را به بازارهای خارجی گسترش میدهند، و تأکید دولت چین بر صادرات دارو بهعنوان محرکی کلیدی برای این صنعت خواهد بود.
چین یکی از جذابترین مقاصد سرمایهگذاری در حوزه داروسازی است
بازار دارویی چین هنوز با نااطمینانی ناشی از چالشهای مربوط به قیمتگذاری دارو و ضعف حمایت از حقوق مالکیت فکری مواجه است، ولی این کشور هنوز هم یکی از جذابترین مقاصد برای سرمایهگذاری در منطقه آسیا – اقیانوسیه محسوب میشود. شاهد این مدعا هم آن است که چین برخی مزایای ذاتی دارد (از قبیل جمعیتی که بهسرعت در حال پیر شدن است، توان و ظرفیت مناسب برای تولید صنعتی دارو، و تعهد قابلتوجه دولت برای توسعه این بخش) که موقعیت مناسبی برای جذب جریانهای مداوم سرمایهگذاری مستقیم خارجی در بخش داروسازی به آن میدهند.
محیط پویای تجارت دارو در چین
چین به عنوان بزرگترین بازار دارویی آسیا – اقیانوسیه، از محیط تجاری بسیار پویایی در حوزه اقلام دارویی برخوردار است. در سال 2018 ارزش واردات دارویی این کشور 8/26 میلیارد دلار بود که پیشبینی میشود تا 2023 به 4/34 میلیارد دلار افزایش یابد. در مقابل ارزش صادرات دارویی چین در سال 2018 تنها 3/5 میلیارد دلار بود که پیش بینی میشود تا سال 2023 به 2/10 میلیارد دلار برسد.
چین از حدود 50 کشور و منطقه دارو وارد میکند که عمدتا شامل محصولات باکیفیت و گرانقیمت از کشورهای توسعه یافته است. پیادهسازی نظام ملی داروهای ضروری، برنامه اصلاحات جدید در حوزه پزشکی، قیمت بالاتر داروهای وارداتی و بهبود قابلیت تحقیق و توسعه تولید کنندگان داخلی موجب شده که واردات آماده رشدی سریع باشد.
مسیر صعودی ارزش واردات در حالی است که تقاضای چین برای داروها و بویژه برای داروهای نوآورانه، به تناسب بار بیماریها و مدرنیزاسیون مراقبتهای بهداشتی کشور رو به رشد است. علاوه بر این پیشبینی میشود که با تقاضای رو به افزایش برای محصولات دارویی پایه و با کیفیت، تقاضای داخلی به رشد چشمگیر خود ادامه دهد.
ورود به بازار دارویی چین – خبر خوب برای شرکتهای چند ملیتی خارجی
حوزههایی که هماکنون فرصت بازار قابلتوجهی دارند عبارتند از:
- داروهای دارای حق انحصاری برای بیمارستانهای سطح 3
- داروهای مورد استفاده برای بیماریهای تهدید کننده زندگی مانند سرطان و بیماریهای ریه و کبد
- تحقیق و توسعه برای تولید داروهای جدید
- تولید صنعتی دارو
- رشد داروهای ژنریک که دوره حق انحصار آنها به پایان رسیده است (با بهبود اجرای GQCE)
- رشد چشمگیر فروش داروها
- مناطق روستایی و حومه شهرها
- توزیع اقلام دارویی
عواملی همچون جمعیت انبوه رو به پیری، افزایش آمار بیماریهای مزمن و رشد سریع طبقه متوسط، چین را به مهمترین بازار نوظهور دارو تبدیل کرده است. با تحولاتی که در اثر تغییر قوانین و دیگر تغییرات در چشمانداز بازار دارویی چین رخ میدهد، فرصتی عالی برای شرکتهای چند ملیتی فراهم است. شرکت تحقیقاتی IQVIA تخمین میزند که بازار دارویی چین بیش از 122 میلیارد دلار ارزش دارد. فرصت عظیمی در چین نهفته است. اما در عین حال این کشور، که به روند طولانی، ناکارآمد و بوروکراتیک صدور مجوز داروها معروف است، میتواند یک بازار مایوسکننده هم باشد. البته نشانههای مثبتی مبنی بر این وجود دارد که شرایط در حال تغییر است و چین در مسیر تغییرات زیربنایی بخش دارویی خود گام برمیدارد.
تحقیق و توسعه بیشتر
از میان 20 شرکت داروسازی چند ملیتی برتر جهان، بیشتر آنها در حال گسترش حضور و جایپای خود در چین و تاسیس مراکز تحقیق و توسعه بیشتر با ساختارهای سازمانی مختلف در این کشور هستند. یکی از جذابیتهای چین برای این شرکتها، هزینه نسبتا پایین تولید در این کشور در مقایسه با بازارهای توسعه یافته جهان است. بازار دارویی بزرگ چین و پتانسیل رشد چشمگیر آن انگیزهای برای شرکتهای دارویی بینالمللی و بومی جهت توسعه و تولید داروها، بویژه برای بازار داخلی این کشور، ایجاد میکند. به دلیل وجود نگرانیهایی در مورد کیفیت داروهای داخلی و با توجه به اینکه چین منبع بزرگی از داروهای تقلبی و معیوب بوده است، مصرف کنندگان چینی محصولات دارویی شرکتهای چند ملیتی را ترجیح میدهند.
بیماریهای مرتبط با سبک زندگی مانند دیابت نگرانی فزایندهای برای دولت چین ایجاد کردهاند. بار رو به افزایش بیماریهای غیر واگیر در این کشور (در اثر افزایش میانگین سنی جمعیت، تغییر شیوه زندگی و گسترش شهرنشینی)، یکی از عوامل کلیدی رشد بازار دارویی خواهد بود که در کنار مشوقهای مختلف دولت برای دسترسی بهتر مردم به خدمات درمانی، روز به روز حضور داروسازان چند ملیتی را بیشتر خواهد کرد.
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They can help in improving strength and total performance. Legal steroids then again are 100% pure merchandise that don’t contain any testosterone. They have the building blocks of testosterone that assist your physique to synthesize the testosterone.
In The End, the key to success lies in a comprehensive approach that mixes data, self-discipline, and a commitment to general health and well-being. By following this ultimate information, athletes and bodybuilders can elevate their workouts, obtain their health goals, and redefine their limits. Unlock your muscle-building potential and maximize these gains with confidence and clarity. We have found testosterone undecanoate to peak serum testosterone levels inside 5 hours of the first dose. However, there are a few oral steroids that don’t pose severe dangers to the liver and heart and have been properly tolerated by lots of our sufferers. Anavar, Primobolan (methenolone acetate), and testosterone undecanoate are examples of such compounds. One research found that men who had beforehand taken steroids had higher ranges of VF in comparison with non-steroid users (2).
And though Brandon constructed just one-third as a lot muscle as Todd, he still gained considerably more muscle than the typical pure lifter (3.7 lbs) without spending every waking moment within the fitness center. This means I’m pretty much not gonna have any idea how Brandon and I are maintaining with Todd until the final day of the steroids vs pure experiment. Sadly, on Day 45 of our steroids vs natural experiment, I received a message from Todd letting me know that he’s shifting out of the city. I know 1-2 lb doesn’t sound like much, however contemplating natural lifters sometimes achieve an average of three.7 lbs of muscle in one hundred days, even a 1 lb enhance can be big. To further damage his chances on this 100-day steroids vs pure competitors, Brandon also performs competitive tennis, which adds a quantity of hours of cardio on high of his exercises. But we’re speaking about steroids vs pure, after all, which implies these aren’t normal circumstances. So, on this 100-day steroids vs natural experiment, Brandon will prepare naturally using my science-backed methods, while Todd is hopping on steroids.
While this is a widespread software, AAS are used for several other functions. “This may have contributed to those concerned in fitness circles being exposed to use of anabolic steroids,” says Havnes. Havnes factors out that ladies who use anabolic steroids are a tough group to reach. Anabolic-androgenic steroids are an artificially manufactured testosterone, used to increase muscle quantity and strength. Havnes explored what triggered the ladies to begin out utilizing anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), the resulting unwanted side effects and the way they handled the adverse effects. Daniel Louwrens is a well-rounded health skilled with over 10 years of expertise in bodybuilding and health.
While these approaches don’t encourage drug use, they do supply methods to minimize back and mitigate recognized harms. And for that, what can be carried out turns into increasingly unclear as each day goes by. They come to see me and so they inform me the truth with their wife, their kids, their mothers. Dallas McCarver was an extremely hardworking and dedicated bodybuilder who many thought may at some point win Mr. Olympia. His successful attitude and unparalleled work ethic allowed him the chance to work with REDCON1 and build a tremendous relationship with its founder, Aaron Singerman.
They seldom exchanged experiences with each one other and have been led by men who gave them recommendation on how to use AAS. The ladies only trusted their very own information and had a important method to info. The girls’s networks are smaller and newer when it comes to AAS, however it has been shown that they follow an identical path for buying information as men (Henning and Andreasson, 2019). The discussions on the on-line boards, where women are additionally current, are usually dominated by males who share their experiences and provides advice. Ladies prefer first-hand experiences from other ladies (Sverkersson et al., 2020) and not advice from males, this makes it tougher to kind among information (Henning and Andreasson, 2019).
We should take into consideration the well being issues and moral implications of such a high utilization. Steroids have been used in bodybuilding for the rationale that Nineteen Forties to boost athletic performance. By the Nineteen Fifties, it was a popular practice, and by the 1960s, steroids have been extensively obtainable. However, steroid use can cause addiction, abuse, and overdose, leading to extreme health hazards. Regardless Of the presence of steroids in skilled bodybuilding, it’s crucial to remember that they do not appear to be a substitute for hard work. Every champion you see on stage has put in numerous hours of training, adopted rigorous vitamin plans, and made significant sacrifices of their personal lives.
Some newbies will choose not to take a PCT after Anavar, as endogenous testosterone ranges sometimes recuperate rapidly. Nevertheless, when stacking it with testosterone, a PCT is beneficial. Gynecomastia is possible when taking testosterone because of the steroid aromatizing (converting into estrogen). When estrogen levels skyrocket, extreme breast tissue can type in males, inflicting gynecomastia, or man boobs.
To gauge their progress, they ask selected individuals for recommendation, look at photographs of themselves, use tape measures or attempt on garments. Even once they carry out properly, feelings persist of their outcomes not being good enough, and they begin to give attention to the following set or new goals. Properly, I had bulimia and so on before…that was maybe additionally part of the reason for beginning this coaching factor, and also generally that I realized that I might then eat without having to puke. Instead I had to eat to achieve muscle, and then it turned like intervals of building up when it was okay to eat and exercise hard and I did not placed on weight as a end result of I gained muscle”. Currently, no deeper data or understanding exist of girls’s experiences of utilizing AAS, therefore it could be very important examine this phenomenon. In this research we flip to the ladies themselves and to their lifeworld. This is the primary research with female AAS customers that has practiced the reflective lifeworld research (Dahlberg et al., 2008) (RLR) with a caring science perspective (Dahlberg, 2011).
Some water retention is widespread when using testosterone; nonetheless, this won’t be as much in comparison with different bulking steroids, similar to Dianabol or Anadrol. Brenton is a highly qualified sports coach with over 20 years of experience working with professional athletes. With a degree in sports activities teaching and expertise in prominent positions, together with Head Advisor to the Japanese Government Sports Institute and Manager & Head Coach to Australia’s Governing Sporting Physique. Presently, he consults with several professional athletes and sporting organizations, sharing his expertise to help them reach their full potential.
References:
safe steroid use (https://auntybmatchmaking.com/@bsrrachael8716)
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I’ll check back later on and see if the problem still exists.