چین بزرگترین تولیدکننده و مصرف‌کننده زغال‌سنگ در جهان است که از این سوخت فسیلی برای گرمایش، پخت‌وپز، تولید برق و تولید فولاد استفاده می‌کند.
چین همچنین بزرگترین منتشرکننده گازهای گلخانه‌ای در جهان است، اما متعهد شده است که طی چهار دهه آینده از سوخت‌های فسیلی دور شود.
چین 3.84 میلیارد تن زغال‌سنگ در سال 2020 تولید کرد که بالاترین میزان از سال 2015 بود.
زغال‌سنگ حرارتی به طور گسترده‌ای برای تولید برق مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرد به طوری که 57.7 درصد از کل انرژی مصرفی چین را در سال 2019 تشکیل می‌داد که 10.8 واحد درصد کاهش نسبت به سال 2012 داشت؛ اما سهم زغال‌سنگ در سبد سوخت مصرفی چین هنوز هم بسیار بالاتر از منابع انرژی پاک‌تر از جمله گاز طبیعی، برق، هسته‌ای، خورشیدی و بادی است.
همچنین از زغال‌سنگ در خانواده‌های فقیرنشین در بسیاری از مناطق چین برای گرم کردن و پخت‌وپز استفاده می‌شود. از سوی دیگر، زغال‌سنگ کک‌شو نیز یکی از عناصر اصلی در تولید فولاد است.
چین 3.84 میلیارد تن زغال‌سنگ در سال 2020 تولید کرد که بالاترین میزان تولید از سال 2015 بود و رشد 90 میلیون تنی نسبت به سال 2019 داشت. با این حال، میزان تولید زغال‌سنگ در سال گذشته کمتر از رکورد 3.97 میلیارد تنی در سال 2013 بود.
این کشور در سال گذشته همچنین 304 میلیون تن زغال‌سنگ وارد کرد که نسبت به سال 2019 حدود 4 میلیون تن افزایش داشته است.
چین، بزرگترین مصرف‌کننده انرژی و انتشاردهنده گازهای گلخانه‌ای در جهان، متعهد شده است که طی چهار دهه آینده از سوخت‌های فسیلی فاصله بگیرد، اما دستیابی به این هدف با توجه به امنیت انرژی و رشد اقتصادی همچنان از نگرانی‌های اصلی پکن است.
چین می‌تواند بیشتر زغال‌سنگ مورد نیاز خود را تولید کند. با این حال، این کشور زغال‌سنگ وارد می‌کند تا تامین داخلی را تکمیل و برای تولید فولاد از زغال‌سنگ کک‌شوی با کیفیت بالاتر استفاده کند.
بر اساس گزارش موسسه Fastmarkets، در سال 2019، چین حدود 3.7 میلیارد تن زغال‌سنگ تولید و 300 میلیون تن وارد کرد.
در سال 2019، حدود 57 درصد واردات زغال‌سنگ حرارتی چین و 40 درصد زغال‌سنگ کک‌شوی آن از استرالیا صورت گرفته است.
در سال 2020، واردات زغال‌سنگ حرارتی چین از استرالیا تقریباً در همان سطح سال 2019 بود، اما به گفته تحلیلگران، واردات زغال‌سنگ کک‌شو احتمالاً به 50 درصد سال 2019 رسیده است.
در ماه دسامبر، آفریقای جنوبی برای اولین بار از سال 2014 زغال‌سنگ حرارتی به چین صادر کرد که در راستای هدف چین برای متنوع کردن منابع تامین زغال‌سنگ بود.
یک ماه قبل، نیز خریداران چینی از کلمبیا زغال‌سنگ خریداری کردند در حالی که به دلیل زمان حمل‌ونقل طولانی در مقایسه با تأمین‌کنندگان منطقه‌ای مانند استرالیا و اندونزی، هرگز فروش عمده‌ای به چین نداشته است.
از نظر تاریخی، زغال‌سنگ آفریقای جنوبی به چین اجازه ورود داده نمی‌شود زیرا حاوی عناصر کمیاب محدود مانند فلورین است، در حالی که زغال‌سنگ کلمبیا معمولاً هنگام افزایش قیمت‌های منطقه به عنوان گزینه پشتیبان در نظر گرفته می‌شود.
اینکه چین در ماه‌های اخیر زغال‌سنگ حرارتی هر دو کشور را پذیرفته است، نشان می‌دهد که این کشور تمایل به تجارت با یکی از بزرگترین تأمین‌کنندگان زغال‌سنگ خود ندارد یعنی استرالیا.
علاوه بر آفریقای جنوبی و کلمبیا، چین می‌تواند واردات زغال‌سنگ حرارتی از اندونزی، بزرگترین صادرکننده سوخت در جهان را افزایش دهد. در ماه نوامبر، چین اقدام به انعقاد قرارداد با بزرگترین اقتصاد جنوب شرقی آسیا برای خرید 1.46 میلیارد دلار زغال‌سنگ حرارتی بیشتر طی سه سال آینده کرد.
به گفته تحلیلگران، چین همچنین توانایی افزایش تولید داخلی را دارد. بیشتر زغال‌سنگ خام استخراج‌شده در چین برای تولید برق استفاده می‌شود، در حالی که حدود 20 درصد برای ایجاد زغال کک‌سازی برای کارخانه‌های تولید فولاد استفاده می‌شود.
اندونزی، استرالیا و روسیه سه تامین کننده بزرگ زغال‌سنگ حرارتی هستند که از طریق کشتی به چین منتقل می‌شوند، در حالی که استرالیا و مغولستان بر صادرات زغال‌سنگ کک‌شو که در کوره‌های فولادی استفاده می‌شود، تمرکز دارند.
در این میان بدتر شدن روابط دوجانبه چین و استرالیا سبب شد چین به طور غیررسمی واردات زغال‌سنگ از استرالیا را ممنوع کند. در ماه اکتبر و دوباره در ماه نوامبر، ده‌ها کشتی حامل زغال‌سنگ استرالیا برای تخلیه محموله‌های خود در سواحل چین معطل ماندند.
به گفته تحلیلگران، در ماه نوامبر حداقل چهار کارخانه بزرگ تولید فولاد چینی با اجرایی شدن ممنوعیت حمل‌ونقل، سفارشات زغال‌سنگ کک‌شو از استرالیا را به کشورهای دیگر منتقل کردند.
دولت استرالیا از حدس و گمان اینکه آیا این ممنوعیت یک تسویه حساب تازه در درگیری دیپلماتیک بین دو کشور است، خودداری کرد، اما برخی از تحلیلگران گفتند که احتمالاً پکن انگیزه سیاسی دارد.
چین، بزرگترین مصرف‌کننده انرژی و انتشاردهنده گازهای گلخانه‌ای در جهان، متعهد شده است که طی چهار دهه آینده از سوخت‌های فسیلی فاصله بگیرد، اما دستیابی به این هدف با توجه به امنیت انرژی و رشد اقتصادی همچنان از نگرانی‌های اصلی پکن است.
در ماه سپتامبر، شی جین پینگ رئیس‌جمهور با اعلام اینکه چین قصد دارد تا سال 2060 عاری از کربن باشد، جهان را متعجب کرد.
این تعهد به سرمایه‌گذاری کلانی در انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر، اتومبیل‌های برقی و فناوری‌هایی مانند جذب و ذخیره کربن نیاز دارد. چین برای رسیدن به این هدف نیاز به 130 تریلیون یوان (19.8 تریلیون دلار آمریکا) سرمایه‌گذاری خواهد داشت.
همچنین باید سهم زغال‌سنگ در سبد مصرفی انرژی چین از 57.7 درصد در سال 2019 به کمتر از 5 درصد کاهش یابد و منابع انرژی جدید به بیش از 85 درصد برسد. در حال حاضر، حدود 15 درصد از انرژی مصرفی چین از سوخت‌های غیرفسیلی از جمله انرژی هسته‌ای تأمین می‌شود.
اگرچه بسیاری از ناظران صنعت می‌گویند که در بلندمدت چین می‌تواند از زغال‌سنگ حرارتی استرالیا که برای تولید برق استفاده می‌شود، دور شود، اما این کشور برای کاهش واردات زغال‌سنگ کک‌شو که برای ساخت فولاد استفاده می‌شود، مشکل بیشتری خواهد داشت.
با این حال، تحلیلگران نسبت به انتظارات خیلی خوش‌بینانه از کاهش سریع انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای چین هشدار دادند.
برخی کارشناسان هم می‌گویند برای چین دشوار است که استرالیا را به طور کامل از ترکیب تأمین‌کنندگان زغال‌سنگ خود حذف کند، زیرا تامین برق در تابستان و زمستان دچار مشکل می‌شود.
سهمیه‌بندی برق در بسیاری از مناطق سردسیر شمال چین در زمستان امسال نشان داده است که تولید داخلی در حال حاضر بسیار کمتر از نیاز زمستان است.
انجمن ملی زغال‌سنگ چین در آخرین پیش‌نویس استراتژی توسعه خود، پیشنهاد کرد که کل مصرف سالانه زغال‌سنگ کشور را تا سال 2025 به 4.2 میلیارد تن در سال محدود کند و تعداد معادن داخلی زغال‌سنگ را کاهش دهد.
Good day! Do you know if they make any plugins to help with SEO?
I’m trying to get my website to rank for some targeted keywords but I’m
not seeing very good success. If you know of any please share.
Thanks! I saw similar blog here: Bij nl
Round 90 percent follow the favored south rim, although these seeking solitude can view the mile-deep void from the canyon’s rugged north rim.
sugar defender official website Discovering Sugar Defender has been a game-changer for
me, as I’ve constantly been vigilant about managing my blood sugar level levels.
I now really feel empowered and confident in my capability to maintain healthy and balanced degrees, and my
newest checkup have shown this progress. Having a reliable supplement to match my
a big source of comfort, and I’m absolutely thankful for
the considerable distinction Sugar Protector has made in my
general health.
sugar defender reviews For many years, I have actually battled unforeseeable blood sugar level swings
that left me feeling drained pipes and sluggish. Yet given that including Sugar my power
degrees are now secure and regular, and I no longer strike
a wall in the mid-days. I appreciate that it’s a
mild, all-natural approach that doesn’t featured any
undesirable adverse effects. It’s truly changed my daily
life.
Greetings! Very helpful advice in this particular post! It is the little changes that make the most significant changes. Thanks a lot for sharing!
This is a topic which is close to my heart… Take care! Exactly where can I find the contact details for questions?
Howdy! I simply want to offer you a huge thumbs up for the excellent info you’ve got here on this post. I am coming back to your web site for more soon.
Next time I read a blog, Hopefully it won’t fail me just as much as this one. After all, Yes, it was my choice to read, however I genuinely thought you’d have something helpful to talk about. All I hear is a bunch of whining about something you can fix if you were not too busy searching for attention.
They’re also excellent for organizing corporate workshops, meetings and conferences in a cost-effective and nicely-organized manner.
Having read this I believed it was really informative. I appreciate you finding the time and energy to put this information together. I once again find myself personally spending way too much time both reading and leaving comments. But so what, it was still worthwhile!
He was then moved sideways to turn out to be ‘head of soccer operations’ when the club supplied the job of head coach to former England goalkeeper Tim Flowers.
Analysis, content manufacturing, internet marketing, and graphic design, as well as writing, enhancing, translating, database work, and project growth, are a few of the top professions for distant internships.
With the usage of know-how, accreditation is no longer a hectic time – when the participant is in line for hours – and turns into a fast and practical exercise.
This is the right webpage for anybody who wishes to find out about this topic. You know a whole lot its almost hard to argue with you (not that I actually will need to…HaHa). You definitely put a new spin on a subject that’s been discussed for ages. Wonderful stuff, just wonderful.
I wanted to thank you for this good read!! I absolutely loved every little bit of it. I have you bookmarked to check out new things you post…
Aw, this was a really good post. Taking a few minutes and actual effort to generate a great article… but what can I say… I hesitate a lot and never seem to get anything done.
I needed to thank you for this great read!! I certainly loved every bit of it. I have you book-marked to look at new things you post…
Spot on with this write-up, I seriously feel this site needs a lot more attention. I’ll probably be back again to read through more, thanks for the information!
You should take part in a contest for one of the finest sites on the web. I most certainly will recommend this website!
CC: The important thing phrases are analysis and perseverance.
After checking out a handful of the articles on your web site, I truly like your technique of writing a blog. I added it to my bookmark site list and will be checking back in the near future. Take a look at my website too and let me know what you think.
Though the work was to be assembled by Salviati’s workshop on Murano, the tiles have been English, having been made by a method developed by the stained-glass firm of James Powell and Sons and manufactured by that agency.
Very good post. I am experiencing a few of these issues as well..
In early June, the campaign dealt with the difficulty of racism when a white supremacist group posted a Barr endorsement on Stormfront, urging whites to vote for the “greatest man” quite than the “liberal” John McCain.
Aw, this was a very good post. Spending some time and actual effort to generate a great article… but what can I say… I put things off a lot and never manage to get nearly anything done.
Réunion was under the authority of the Vichy regime until 30 November 1942, when the island was liberated by the destroyer Léopard of the Free French Naval Forces.
I would like to thank you for the efforts you’ve put in writing this blog. I’m hoping to view the same high-grade content by you in the future as well. In fact, your creative writing abilities has motivated me to get my own, personal site now 😉
Nice post. I learn something new and challenging on sites I stumbleupon everyday. It’s always exciting to read through content from other writers and use something from other sites.
I really love your blog.. Very nice colors & theme. Did you build this web site yourself? Please reply back as I’m trying to create my own website and want to find out where you got this from or exactly what the theme is called. Thank you.
Nice post. I discover something very complicated on different blogs everyday. It will always be stimulating to study content from other writers and rehearse something there. I’d want to apply certain using the content on my small weblog regardless of whether you don’t mind. Natually I’ll supply you with a link for your internet weblog. Appreciate your sharing.
CVG is the fastest-growing cargo airport in North America.
Spot on with this write-up, I really believe that this web site needs a lot more attention. I’ll probably be back again to read more, thanks for the info!
I’m impressed, I must say. Seldom do I encounter a blog that’s both equally educative and engaging, and let me tell you, you’ve hit the nail on the head. The problem is something not enough men and women are speaking intelligently about. Now i’m very happy that I stumbled across this during my search for something regarding this.
Have you ever considered about adding a little bit more than just your articles? I mean, what you say is fundamental and everything. Nevertheless think about if you added some great pictures or video clips to give your posts more, “pop”! Your content is excellent but with images and clips, this site could certainly be one of the most beneficial in its field. Fantastic blog!
eating disorders are of course sometimes deadly because it can cause the degeneration of one’s health,.
Very good article! We are linking to this great article on our website. Keep up the good writing.
Good blog! I really love how it is simple on my eyes and the data are well written. I’m wondering how I might be notified when a new post has been made. I’ve subscribed to your RSS feed which must do the trick! Have a nice day!
Good post. I learn something new and challenging on blogs I stumbleupon every day. It will always be interesting to read articles from other writers and practice a little something from their web sites.
The very next time I read a blog, I hope that it doesn’t fail me just as much as this one. I mean, I know it was my choice to read, nonetheless I really believed you would probably have something useful to say. All I hear is a bunch of moaning about something you could fix if you weren’t too busy seeking attention.
You need to take part in a contest for one of the most useful blogs on the web. I will highly recommend this web site!
A blog like yours should be earning much money from adsense.~**;’
???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????
You ought to actually think about engaged on creating this blog into a significant authority on this market. You evidently have a grasp handle of the topics everyone seems to be trying to find on this website in any case and you could actually even earn a buck or two off of some advertisements. Id discover following latest subjects and raising the quantity of write ups you place up and I guarantee you’d begin seeing some amazing targeted traffic within the close to future. Only a thought, good luck in no matter you do!
I’m not sure where you’re getting your info, but great topic. I needs to spend a while learning much more or understanding more. Thanks for great information I was on the lookout for this information for my mission.
This is a topic that’s close to my heart… Thank you! Exactly where are your contact details though?
Wonderful paintings! That is the type of info that are supposed to be shared across the net. Shame on search engines for not positioning this submit higher! Come on over and consult with my website . Thanks =)
What i do not realize is actually how you are no longer really a lot more neatly-appreciated than you might be right now. You’re very intelligent. You recognize thus considerably in terms of this matter, produced me individually consider it from numerous varied angles. Its like men and women are not interested until it is one thing to do with Lady gaga! Your own stuffs excellent. Always maintain it up!
Youre so cool! I dont suppose Ive read anything like this before. So good to search out any person with some unique ideas on this subject. realy thanks for beginning this up. this website is something that is needed on the net, someone with a little originality. helpful job for bringing one thing new to the web!
Real informative and great complex body part of articles, now that’s user friendly (:.
Having read this I thought it was rather enlightening. I appreciate you taking the time and effort to put this article together. I once again find myself spending a significant amount of time both reading and leaving comments. But so what, it was still worth it!
You created some decent points there. I looked online with the issue and located most individuals goes in addition to using your site.
When I initially left a comment I seem to have clicked on the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and from now on every time a comment is added I recieve 4 emails with the exact same comment. There has to be an easy method you are able to remove me from that service? Thanks a lot.
You made some decent points there. I looked on the internet for the issue and found most people goes along with with your site.
An extremely interesting read, I may possibly not agree completely, but you do make some very valid points.
The next time I read a blog, Hopefully it won’t fail me as much as this one. I mean, Yes, it was my choice to read, nonetheless I really thought you would probably have something helpful to say. All I hear is a bunch of crying about something you could possibly fix if you weren’t too busy seeking attention.
I just wanted to type a quick comment to thank you for some of the splendid items you are showing on this site. My extended internet search has finally been recognized with extremely good facts to go over with my visitors. I ‘d assert that many of us visitors are truly endowed to be in a fine network with many marvellous people with interesting hints. I feel rather privileged to have seen your entire website page and look forward to so many more pleasurable moments reading here. Thanks a lot again for a lot of things.
nding this web site made all the work I did to find it seem like nothing. The reason being that this is such an informative post. I desired to we appreciate you this detailed read with the subject. I definitely savored every little bit of it and i also perhaps you have bookmarked to see new stuff you post.
Sewing Machines… […]any time to read or go to the content or perhaps internet sites we certainly have associated with[…]…
Everything is very open with a very clear description of the issues. It was truly informative. Your website is extremely helpful. Thank you for sharing!
Way cool! Some extremely valid points! I appreciate you writing this post plus the rest of the website is extremely good.
I am usually to blogging and i really appreciate your website content continuously. This article has really peaks my interest. I am going to bookmark your internet site and maintain checking choosing details.
Top-notch post it is definitely. My boss has been searching for this content.
hi, I’m ranking the crap out of “free justin bieber stuff”.
Thank you, I’ve been seeking for facts about this subject for ages and yours is the best I have located so far.
I don’t unremarkably comment but I gotta admit thankyou for the post on this great one : D.
You have brought up a very superb details , thankyou for the post.
very good post, i surely enjoy this amazing site, persist in it
Spot up for this write-up, I seriously believe this site needs a lot more consideration. I’ll apt to be once more to learn additional, appreciate your that info.
You created some decent points there. I looked over the internet for your problem and found most individuals should go coupled with with your internet site.
I needed to thank you for this excellent read!! I absolutely loved every little bit of it. I have got you book marked to look at new things you post…
TMAO on nonpolar residues lead to peptide swelling.
McBarron, H. Charles Jr.; Foote, William A.; Elting, John R. (Fall 1969).
I used to be 13 when i first tried to take my life.
I love it when folks get together and share thoughts. Great site, keep it up!
I am usually to blogging and i genuinely appreciate your content regularly. This great article has really peaks my interest. My goal is to bookmark your web site and keep checking for brand new details.
always avoid plastic tv mounts when possible and buy those aluminum or steel tv mounts because they last longer**
My brother suggested I might like this website. He was once entirely right. This submit actually made my day. You can not consider simply how a lot time I had spent for this info! Thank you!
I’ve been in similar situations before. It is not as easy an answer as you thought it is, its something that you’ll have to write out for yourself over time.
What youre saying is completely true. I don’t think I could have put it better myself.
I blog quite often and I really thank you for your information. This article has truly peaked my interest. I’m going to book mark your website and keep checking for new details about once a week. I subscribed to your RSS feed as well.
What are you stating, man? I recognize everyones got their own opinion, but really? Listen, your website is cool. I like the hard work you put into it, specifically with the vids and the pics. But, come on. Theres gotta be a better way to say this, a way that doesnt make it seem like most people here is stupid!
Good article, lemme know when you’re in southern california next
I don’t even know how I ended up here, but I thought this post was great. I do not know who you are but certainly you are going to a famous blogger if you are not already Cheers! xrumer
I want to to thank you for this very good read!! I definitely loved every bit of it. I have you bookmarked to check out new stuff you post…
You sound so passionate about what you are writing. Keep up the good work!
Everything is very open with a very clear description of the challenges. It was definitely informative. Your site is very useful. Thanks for sharing!
With the meta-rationalization out of the best way, let us begin.
I couldn’t refrain from commenting. Very well written!
Hickey Legislation Firm has filed a lawsuit on behalf of a lady who was injured within the boat crash near Port Miami in February.
I’m excited to discover this page. I need to to thank you for ones time for this particularly wonderful read!! I definitely loved every bit of it and I have you book-marked to see new things in your web site.
I gotta bookmark this internet site it seems very beneficial very beneficial.
I tried to submit a comment earlier, although it has not shown up. I wish I had your blogging style.
Does anyone know of any treatments that actually works are haemorrhoids. I don’t want to go to the doctors I feel very embarrassed.
Saved as a favorite, I really like your site.
very good post, i definitely love this excellent website, keep on it
I’d always want to be update on new articles on this site, bookmarked ! .
I like this site very much so much superb information.
Pretty! This was an incredibly wonderful post. Thanks for supplying this info.
Saved as a favorite, I love your site.
Greetings! Very useful advice in this particular article! It’s the little changes that make the largest changes. Many thanks for sharing!
Everything is very open with a clear description of the challenges. It was definitely informative. Your site is useful. Many thanks for sharing!
One other important aspect is that if you are an elderly person, travel insurance regarding pensioners is something you ought to really take into consideration. The old you are, greater at risk you are for making something terrible happen to you while overseas. If you are not covered by quite a few comprehensive insurance coverage, you could have some serious problems. Thanks for sharing your guidelines on this blog site.
informatii interesante si utile postate pe blogul dumneavoastra. dar ca si o paranteza , ce parere aveti de inchirierea apartamente vacanta ?.
You are so interesting! I do not think I’ve truly read a single thing like this before. So good to discover somebody with some genuine thoughts on this topic. Seriously.. thanks for starting this up. This web site is one thing that’s needed on the web, someone with a little originality.
Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is a powerful idea of promoting company and its products and services on the internet. Of late, the number of internet users has been increased to the great extent so that it has become important to get your products and services promoted on the net.
You created some decent points there. I looked on the web for the issue and discovered most people goes coupled with with all your web site.
I absolutely love your site.. Great colors & theme. Did you develop this web site yourself? Please reply back as I’m hoping to create my own blog and would love to find out where you got this from or exactly what the theme is named. Cheers!
Publicity limit pointers with an in depth description of toxicity can be found similar to “Advice from the Scientific Committee on Occupational Publicity Limits” by the European Union Commission.
you got to work hard to earn lots of money because it is not very easy to earn,,
When I originally left a comment I appear to have clicked the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and now whenever a comment is added I receive four emails with the exact same comment. Perhaps there is a means you are able to remove me from that service? Cheers.
Good blog you have here.. It’s difficult to find high-quality writing like yours these days. I seriously appreciate individuals like you! Take care!!
Brigadier Charles Roland Sykes Notley (461481), late The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards (Carabiniers and Greys).
A motivating discussion is definitely worth comment. There’s no doubt that that you should write more on this topic, it might not be a taboo subject but generally folks don’t discuss these issues. To the next! Best wishes.